This gland secretes hormones to regulate many metabolic processes, including energy expenditure the rate at which kilojoules are burned. Thyroid disorders include:. Our genes are the blueprints for the proteins in our body, and our proteins are responsible for the digestion and metabolism of our food. Sometimes, a faulty gene means we produce a protein that is ineffective in dealing with our food, resulting in a metabolic disorder.
In most cases, genetic metabolic disorders can be managed under medical supervision, with close attention to diet. The symptoms of genetic metabolic disorders can be very similar to those of other disorders and diseases, making it difficult to pinpoint the exact cause. See your doctor if you suspect you have a metabolic disorder.
Some genetic disorders of metabolism include:. This page has been produced in consultation with and approved by:. Content on this website is provided for information purposes only. Information about a therapy, service, product or treatment does not in any way endorse or support such therapy, service, product or treatment and is not intended to replace advice from your doctor or other registered health professional.
The information and materials contained on this website are not intended to constitute a comprehensive guide concerning all aspects of the therapy, product or treatment described on the website. All users are urged to always seek advice from a registered health care professional for diagnosis and answers to their medical questions and to ascertain whether the particular therapy, service, product or treatment described on the website is suitable in their circumstances.
The State of Victoria and the Department of Health shall not bear any liability for reliance by any user on the materials contained on this website. Skip to main content. Actions for this page Listen Print. Summary Read the full fact sheet. On this page. Two processes of metabolism Metabolic rate Metabolism and age-related weight gain Hormonal disorders of metabolism Genetic disorders of metabolism Where to get help. Two processes of metabolism Our metabolism is complex — put simply it has two parts, which are carefully regulated by the body to make sure they remain in balance.
They are: Catabolism — the breakdown of food components such as carbohydrates , proteins and dietary fats into their simpler forms, which can then be used to provide energy and the basic building blocks needed for growth and repair. Anabolism — the part of metabolism in which our body is built or repaired. Anabolism requires energy that ultimately comes from our food. When we eat more than we need for daily anabolism, the excess nutrients are typically stored in our body as fat.
Thermic effect of food also known as thermogenesis — your body uses energy to digest the foods and drinks you consume and also absorbs, transports and stores their nutrients. Thermogenesis accounts for about 5—10 per cent of your energy use. Energy used during physical activity — this is the energy used by physical movement and it varies the most depending on how much energy you use each day.
Metabolic syndrome describes a group of traits and habits that raise the risk for coronary heart disease, diabetes and stroke. These factors commonly occur together. However, patients must have at least three of them to be diagnosed with metabolic syndrome. A person with metabolic syndrome doubles their risk for developing heart disease, and is five times as likely to be diagnosed with diabetes as someone without metabolic syndrome.
It is becoming increasingly common as a result of the rise in obesity rates among adults. It is possible to prevent or delay metabolic syndrome through a healthy diet and exercise. Healio News Endocrinology. Read next. There is little scientific evidence to suggest that foods, drinks, pills or supplements can boost your metabolism. But through healthy eating and physical activity, you can influence how much energy is going in to and being used by your body. The energy used during physical activity is the only energy expenditure that you have any control over, so incorporating 30 minutes of physical activity into your daily routine is key.
The more physical activity you do, the more energy you can burn. When it comes to muscle, the more you have, the more kilojoules you will burn. As people age, they generally begin to lose muscle and metabolism begins to slow down.
Research suggests that strength and resistance training can help to increase muscle mass or reduce the loss of muscle, so weight-bearing activities like yoga or stair climbing are great places to start.
If you are new to physical activity, have a health problem, or are concerned about the safety of being more active, speak with your doctor or health professional about the most suitable activities for you.
Eating and drinking well is another important way to maintain your metabolism. Check out Healthier. The two processes of metabolism. In contrast, the synthesis of new macromolecules occurs via anabolic pathways that require energy input Figure 4. Cells must balance their catabolic and anabolic pathways in order to control their levels of critical metabolites — those molecules created by enzymatic activity — and ensure that sufficient energy is available.
For example, if supplies of glucose start to wane, as might happen in the case of starvation, cells will synthesize glucose from other materials or start sending fatty acids into the citric acid cycle to generate ATP. Conversely, in times of plenty, excess glucose is converted into storage forms, such as glycogen, starches, and fats. Figure 4: Catabolic and anabolic pathways in cell metabolism Catabolic pathways involve the breakdown of nutrient molecules Food: A, B, C into usable forms building blocks.
In this process, energy is either stored in energy molecules for later use, or released as heat. Anabolic pathways then build new molecules out of the products of catabolism, and these pathways typically use energy. The new molecules built via anabolic pathways macromolecules are useful for building cell structures and maintaining the cell.
Figure 5: Feedback inhibition When there is enough product at the end of a reaction pathway red macromolecule , it can inhibit its own synthesis by interacting with enzymes in the synthesis pathway red arrow. Figure Detail Not only do cells need to balance catabolic and anabolic pathways, but they must also monitor the needs and surpluses of all their different metabolic pathways.
In order to bolster a particular pathway, cells can increase the amount of a necessary rate-limiting enzyme or use activators to convert that enzyme into an active conformation. Conversely, to slow down or halt a pathway, cells can decrease the amount of an enzyme or use inhibitors to make the enzyme inactive.
Such up- and down-regulation of metabolic pathways is often a response to changes in concentrations of key metabolites in the cell. For example, a cell may take stock of its levels of intermediate metabolites and tune the glycolytic pathway and the synthesis of glucose accordingly. In some instances, the products of a metabolic pathway actually serve as inhibitors of their own synthesis, in a process known as feedback inhibition Figure 5.
For example, the first intermediate in glycolysis, glucosephosphate, inhibits the very enzyme that produces it, hexokinase. This page appears in the following eBook. Aa Aa Aa. Cell Metabolism. What Do Enzymes Do? Figure 1: Glycolysis. Energy is used to convert glucose to a 6 carbon form. Figure 2: Activation and inactivation of of enzyme reaction.
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